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Honeywell 51405046-175控制器模塊
受限接地故障保護(hù)低阻抗REFPDIF限制接地故障保護(hù)，低阻抗功能（REFPDIF）可用于所有直接或低阻抗接地繞組。REFPDIF功能提供高靈敏度和高速跳閘，因?yàn)樗謩e保護(hù)每個(gè)繞組，因此不需要浪涌穩(wěn)定。低阻抗函數(shù)是帶有附加零序電流方向比較準(zhǔn)則的百分比偏置函數(shù)。這在貫穿故障期間提供了極好的靈敏度和穩(wěn)定性。REFPDIF還可以保護(hù)自耦變壓器。在這種情況下，必須使用負(fù)序電流方向比較。自耦變壓器最典型和最復(fù)雜的配置如圖8所示。在圖8所述的情況下測量五個(gè)電流。阻抗保護(hù)全方案距離測量，Mho特性ZMHPDIS。數(shù)字Mho線路距離保護(hù)是一種四區(qū)全方案保護(hù)，用于短路和接地故障的后備檢測。這四個(gè)區(qū)域具有完全獨(dú)立的測量和設(shè)置，為所有類型的線路提供了高度靈活性。該功能可用作變壓器和發(fā)電機(jī)的欠阻抗后備保護(hù)。Mho特性的定向阻抗元件ZDMRDIR相接地阻抗元件可選擇性地由相位非選擇性定向功能（相位非選擇性，因?yàn)樗趯?duì)稱元件）監(jiān)督。
極滑保護(hù)PSPPPAM
發(fā)電機(jī)極滑的情況可能由不同的原因引起。發(fā)電機(jī)附近的外部電網(wǎng)可能會(huì)短路。如果故障清除時(shí)間過長，發(fā)電機(jī)將加速過多，無法保持同步。無阻尼振蕩發(fā)生在電力系統(tǒng)中，不同位置的發(fā)電機(jī)組相互振蕩。如果發(fā)電機(jī)之間的連接太弱，振蕩幅度將增加，直到失去角穩(wěn)定性。極滑發(fā)電機(jī)的運(yùn)行會(huì)給發(fā)電機(jī)、軸和渦輪機(jī)帶來損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。?每次磁極滑動(dòng)時(shí)，都會(huì)對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)渦輪軸產(chǎn)生重大扭矩影響。?在異步操作中，通常不帶電流的發(fā)電機(jī)部分會(huì)感應(yīng)電流，從而導(dǎo)致加熱增加。其后果可能是絕緣和定子/轉(zhuǎn)子鐵件受損。極滑保護(hù)（PSPPPAM）功能應(yīng)檢測極滑情況，如果測得的阻抗軌跡在發(fā)電機(jī)變壓器塊內(nèi)，應(yīng)盡快使發(fā)電機(jī)跳閘。如果磁極滑移中心在電網(wǎng)外部，則在線路保護(hù)動(dòng)作后，應(yīng)首先將電網(wǎng)分成兩部分。如果此操作失敗，則應(yīng)在2區(qū)運(yùn)行發(fā)電機(jī)PSPPPAM，以防止對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)、軸和汽輪機(jī)造成進(jìn)一步損壞同步電機(jī)的欠勵(lì)磁操作有限制。勵(lì)磁電流的減小削弱了轉(zhuǎn)子和定子之間的耦合。機(jī)器可能會(huì)失去同步，開始像感應(yīng)電機(jī)一樣運(yùn)行。然后，無功功率消耗將增加。即使機(jī)器沒有失去同步，也可能無法在這種狀態(tài)下長時(shí)間運(yùn)行。減少勵(lì)磁會(huì)增加同步電機(jī)端部的發(fā)熱。局部加熱可能損壞定子繞組和鐵芯的絕緣。為防止損壞發(fā)電機(jī)，應(yīng)在失磁時(shí)跳閘。
Restricted earth-fault protection
low impedance REFPDIF Restricted earth-fault protection, low-impedance function (REFPDIF) can be used on all directly or low-impedance earthed windings. The REFPDIF function provides high sensitivity and high speed tripping as it protects each winding separately and thus does not need inrush stabilization. The low-impedance function is a percentage biased function with an additional zero sequence current directional comparison criterion. This gives excellent sensitivity and stability during through faults. REFPDIF can also protect autotransformers. In this case, the negative sequence current directional comparison must be used. The most typical and the most complicated configuration of an autotransformer is shown in figure 8. Five currents are measured in the case illustrated in figure 8.Impedance protection Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS The numerical mho line distance protection is a four zone full scheme protection for back-up detection of short circuit and earth faults. The four zones have fully independent measuring and settings, which gives high flexibility for all types of lines. The function can be used as under impedance back-up protection for transformers and generators. Directional impedance element for Mho characteristic ZDMRDIR The phase-to-earth impedance elements can be optionally supervised by a phase unselective directional function (phase unselective, because it is based on symmetrical components).
Pole slip protection PSPPPAM
The situation with pole slip of a generator can be caused by different reasons. A short circuit may occur in the external power grid, close to the generator. If the fault clearing time is too long, the generator will accelerate so much, that the synchronism cannot be maintained. Un-damped oscillations occur in the power system, where generator groups at different locations, oscillate against each other. If the connection between the generators is too weak the magnitude of the oscillations will increase until the angular stability is lost. The operation of a generator having pole slip will give risk of damages to the generator, shaft and turbine. ? At each pole slip there will be significant torque impact on the generator-turbine shaft. ? In asynchronous operation there will be induction of currents in parts of the generator normally not carrying current, thus resulting in increased heating. The consequence can be damages on insulation and stator/ rotor iron. The Pole slip protection (PSPPPAM) function shall detect pole slip conditions and trip the generator as fast as possible if the locus of the measured impedance is inside the generatortransformer block. If the centre of pole slip is outside in the power grid, the first action should be to split the network into two parts, after line protection action. If this fails there should be operation of the generator PSPPPAM in zone 2, to prevent further damages to the generator, shaft and turbine There are limits for the under-excited operation of a synchronous machine. A reduction of the excitation current weakens the coupling between the rotor and the stator. The machine may lose the synchronism and start to operate like an induction machine. Then, the reactive power consumption will increase. Even if the machine does not loose synchronism it may not be acceptable to operate in this state for a long time. Reduction of excitation increases the generation of heat in the end region of the synchronous machine. The local heating may damage the insulation of the stator winding and the iron core.To prevent damages to the generator it should be tripped when excitation is lost.
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