采用新的閥切換控制方案后,在機(jī)組的各次起動(dòng)中,汽輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速在DEH進(jìn)行閥門(mén)切換過(guò)程中非常穩(wěn)定,轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)不超過(guò)5 r/min,滿足了DEH 汽輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速控制的要求。
3) (3)雙冗余LVDT低選功能設(shè)計(jì)
LVDT雙通道高選位置反饋方式,若兩個(gè)LVDT同時(shí)斷線,則油動(dòng)機(jī)將全開(kāi),因此不滿足伺服系統(tǒng)安全設(shè)計(jì)原則。因此將原LVDT斷線檢測(cè)判斷后,拉低LVDT解調(diào)后的直流電壓,改為拉高LVDT直流電壓;將原LVDT直流電壓高選電路,改為低選電路,這樣若單個(gè)LVDT斷線,該LVDT直流電壓大于閥位指令電壓,由于采用低選電路,將不影響伺服系統(tǒng)的正常工作。若兩個(gè)LVDT均斷線,LVDT直流電壓大于閥位指令電壓,油動(dòng)機(jī)將全關(guān)。這樣修改后可同時(shí)滿足安全和冗余設(shè)計(jì)原則。
圖6 雙通道低選LVDT原理圖
4) OPC超速限制
在傳統(tǒng)DEH OPC控制邏輯中,當(dāng)實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速超過(guò)3090r/min,則OPC電磁閥動(dòng)作關(guān)調(diào)門(mén)。若發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)方線路開(kāi)關(guān)跳閘甩負(fù)荷時(shí),分裂出來(lái)的孤立電網(wǎng)。在一次調(diào)頻的作用下,對(duì)應(yīng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)速若高于103%,系統(tǒng)會(huì)出現(xiàn)連續(xù)振蕩,而導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)崩潰。
此DEH只在油開(kāi)關(guān)斷開(kāi)期間保留了103%超速限制功能,因此不會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述振蕩。同時(shí)增加了判斷加速度大輸出OPC功能,使機(jī)組在各種甩負(fù)荷工況下具有良好的動(dòng)態(tài)特性,經(jīng)過(guò)一次振蕩即能達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)。圖7所示為甩100%負(fù)荷時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)速曲線圖。
圖7 甩100%負(fù)荷曲線圖
小結(jié)
1) HOLLiAS-MACS控制系統(tǒng)采用了“域”的概念把整個(gè)大型控制系統(tǒng)用高速實(shí)時(shí)冗余網(wǎng)絡(luò)分成若干相對(duì)獨(dú)立的分系統(tǒng),一個(gè)分系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成一個(gè)域,各域共享管理和操作數(shù)據(jù),而每個(gè)域又是一個(gè)功能完整的DCS系統(tǒng),整套系統(tǒng)調(diào)試、管理和維護(hù)十分方便。
2) 控制站采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的PROFIBUS-DP現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線,將高性能的冗余主控單元回路的控制模塊和其他智能設(shè)備連接起來(lái)共同構(gòu)成系統(tǒng),真正做到了集成化、開(kāi)放化和智能化。
3) DCS和DEH采用一體化系統(tǒng),DEH功能既能相對(duì)獨(dú)立,又與DCS系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一管理維護(hù),減少了系統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)投入和備品備件的種類(lèi)及數(shù)量。
4) 處于整個(gè)電廠核心控制部分的DEH系統(tǒng),吸收和改進(jìn)了針對(duì)汽機(jī)和電網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化控制方案和策略,大大提高了系統(tǒng)的控制性能和可靠性。垃圾發(fā)電是把各種垃圾收集后,進(jìn)行分類(lèi)處理。其中:一是對(duì)燃燒值較高的進(jìn)行高溫焚燒(也徹底消滅了病源性生物和腐蝕性有機(jī)要物),在高溫焚燒(產(chǎn)生的煙霧經(jīng)過(guò)處理)中產(chǎn)生的熱能轉(zhuǎn)化為高溫蒸氣
has a patch released in 2002 (ms02-039). Unfortunately, the patch did not help an oil company with a mass production platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The company started running the patch in the summer of 2002, but the server restart during patch installation requires the presence of windows experts. Since few experts have obtained the security certification to enter the platform, many platforms have not been patched when the slammer virus attacks six months later.
When there is no patch
Of course, the premise of using patches to solve vulnerability problems is that the supplier provides patches. According to McBride, this expectation is not certain. As in January 2012, half of the 364 publicly disclosed vulnerabilities recorded by ics-cert were not patched.
Although some security experts accuse suppliers of being lazy or indifferent, there are indeed many factors that hinder the rapid release of patches. In 2010, the author heard